Defensive Homicide Essay

Under defensive homicide in the crimes act (2005), A person who, by his or her conduct, kills another person in circumstances that, but for section 9AC, would constitute murder, is guilty of an indictable offence (defensive homicide) and liable to level 3 imprisonment (20 years maximum) if he or she did not have reasonable grounds for the belief referred to in that section. Explain the law of self defence in relation to homicide cases The law of self defence in relation to homicide case are that a person is not guilty of murder if he or she carries out the conduct that would otherwise constitute murder while believing the conduct to be necessary to defend himself or herself or another person from the infliction of death or really serious injury. In regard to an Alternative verdict of defensive homicide on charge for murder, If on the trial of a person for murder the jury are not satisfied that he or she is guilty of murder but are satisfied that he or she is guilty of an offence against section 9AD (defensive homicide), the jury may acquit the accused of murder and find him or her guilty of defensive homicide and he or she is liable to punishment accordingly. The reasons why the defence of provocation was abolished in Victoria in 2005. The reason as to why the defense of provocation was abolished in Victoria in 2005 was because it was a recommendation by the Victorian Law Reform Commission in a review of defenses to homicide. Reasons as to why it was in review in the first place was because it promoted a culture of blaming the victim and had no place in a modern society, also it had served to excuse male violence against women. Provocation was abolished because the Victorian legislature believed it was outdated and no longer reflected the norms of modern society. Specifically, it was no longer appropriate for the criminal law to have a defense available that for all intents and purposes condoned male violence against women and blamed the female victim for her own fate. Other reason as why it was abolished was that it shouldn’t be used for an individual loss of self-control is an inappropriate basis for a partial efence—people should be able to control their impulses, even when angry, gender biased, privileges a loss of self-control as a basis for a defence, the test for provocation is conceptually confused, complex and difficult for juries to understand and apply, is an anomaly—it is not a defence to any crime other than murder and is an anachronism—as we no longer have a mandatory sentence for murder, provocation should be taken into account at sentencing as it is for all other offences. Do you believe the objectives of the Government when it introduced this crime have been subsequently achieved in court cases? Fact: the majority of men convicted of defensive homicide have been males killing other men). Refer to TWO (2) Victorian cases which have applied the offence of defensive homicide. I do not believe that the objectives of the government when it introduced this crime haven been subsequently achieved in court cases. The government introduce this law with the intention to be a reform of the law when someone had a genuine motivation of self-defence but the change to the law has failed to work as intended and instead appears to be being used by offenders to escape full responsibility where they deserve to be convicted of murder. The law of Defensive homicide is intended to be applied in cases where people kill to defend themselves or others – such as victims of prolonged domestic violence. Instead males are killing other males and are using the defence homicide charge to get a lower sentence. One case is R v Smith [2008] VSC 87 (1 April 2008), the victim and the offender had a conflict at a party that they both attended, the victim left then returned in aggressive state. A Fight ensued and the offender stabbed the victim. The Victim was also using a knife against the offender. Mr Smith pleaded guilty to defensive homicide and was sentenced to 7 years imprisonment and non-parole of 5 years. The other case is R v Edwards [2008] VSC 297 (13 August 2008), the victim initially threatened to hit the offender with a table leg. The offender grabbed the table leg and hit the victim in the head also used glass bottles as well. The Attack continued after victim was unconscious and occurred in presence of offender’s son and victim’s partner. Mr Edwards pleaded guilty to defensive homicide and was sentenced to 9. 5 years imprisonment and non-parole of 7. 5 years. Describe some criticisms that have been made of defensive homicide. Some criticisms that could be made against defensive homicide could be that defensive homicide is being misused on the basis that it has been used almost exclusively by men who kill other men, and not for those for whom it was intended. Defensive homicide was introduced as a ‘safety net’ for women who kill their violent abusers once provocation was abolished. The law is meant to protect battered women being abused by brutal men. Defensive homicide applies when an accused believed – although unreasonably – that they needed to defend themselves or another person using force, and this resulted in the victim’s death. The offence may therefore be proved when a victim has behaved in a way, such as committing or threatening to commit an act of violence, which led the offender to unreasonably believe that lethal violence was necessary to defend themselves. However, in six of the 16 guilty plea convictions, it appears there was no prior violent exchange (physical or verbal) between the victim and offender. So they are using this defense but in the outline of defensive homicide it states that when a person kills another while believing the conduct was necessary to defend themselves or another from death or really serious injury where they did not have reasonable grounds for this belief, but they aren’t having to show that they were in fright of their life. Also not having to go to court and pleading out the case is another criticism, so for an accused to plead guilty to defensive homicide, the prosecution must agree to withdraw any other homicide-related charges, including murder. The decision to enter and accept a guilty plea has been made by the prosecution and the accused only. As a consequence, the public is left to trust that these parties have upheld the same judicial principles that would apply to a conviction after trial. Your reflections on whether or not defensive homicide should be abolished and whether you believe further reform is needed in this area I don’t believe that defensive homicide should be abolished because if it was to be abolished would the law adapt and deal with cases that have a long term family violence which this law was attended to apply to. Maybe defensive homicide should only be limited to serious family violence. The law is there for a safety net for women who kill violent partners who have been violently abusing their spouse for an extend period of time and not for males to kill other males. One in five Victorian women report being physically or sexually abused by an intimate partner at some time in their life and if the law was to be abolished maybe the victims would feel as if no one understands what they are going thru or care to. And by doing that more women might stay in a violent relationship and more women might end up dying. The law of defensive homicide needs to be reform if it is to be kept because it has become a blur so to speak, it has failed to realise its intended purpose.

An Abuse of Power Essay

Abigail is the most prominent example of power and manipulation, with far worse repercussions, fooling the court and pretending to be God’s voice to get what she wants. Hale declares before the court that â€Å"private vengeance is working through this testimony,† (105) when Proctor attempts to show the court Abigail’s machinations. She recognizes the Puritan’s fear of God, and their fear of witches, to manipulate those in power, gaining her own strength in the court and causing mass hysteria to turn in her favor. Her rise to power begins even before the hysteria, starting with the group of girls from the forest, but her tactics are no different: manipulate others to save herself. They fear being caught, and she plays to their terror, telling them if they â€Å"breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, [then she] will come to [them] in the black of some terrible night and [she] will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder [them]† (19). This threat crafts her iron grip on the girls, allowing her to lead them against the town, lying and condemning folk to save themselves from strife over their actions. Abigail’s hold remains on the girls all through the play, forcing even the most honest to turn from truth and continue their lies â€Å"when people accused of witchery confronted [them] in court, [they] would faint, saying their spirits came out of their bodies and choked [them]† (98). This is evident in the scene where Mary confesses their lies, admitting they â€Å"never saw no spirits† and â€Å"were never threatened or afflicted by any manifest of the Devil or the Devil’s agents† (98). Abigail manipulates the court, using the power she’s gained to say she does God’s work, and Mary falls back to her, carrying out Abigail’s wishes by condemning John Proctor. This is similar to how Abigail got rid of Elizabeth by accusing her in her newfound place of power, so she could be with John, a fact that he addresses, refusing to â€Å"give [his] wife to vengeance† (73) when they come to arrest her. Abigail’s attitude of controlling the girls by vicious fear of witchery is easily comparable to that of the boy Jack in Golding’s Lord of the Flies. Jack recognizes the weakness in the group of boys, using their gnawing fear of â€Å"the beast† to turn them to his side, against Ralph. Though much more direct, Jack uses his power to threaten the boys on Ralph’s side, such as Samneric, to hail to savagery and chaos, much like Abigail did to Mary. He dominates the island, getting what he wants, and eliminating those such as Piggy and Ralph, who stand in his way. Abigail’s tactic of lying, manipulating fear and abusing her power in court grants her the same reward of getting her way, and pushing aside enemies like Elisabeth. The only difference is that Abigail’s actions come with far bigger consequences, more than Parris, Putnam or Danforth, fleshed out on a larger scale of victims who fell in the face of her machinations. In the end, Arthur Miller’s Crucible is a fine study of manipulation and abuse of power, shown in various forms, through vicious antagonists, always exploiting Salem’s fear to achieve their own selfish goals and further themselves on the social food chain. What Miller is perhaps attempting to demonstrate through this play is that those in positions of power will always abuse it, especially when faith is involved, because of the â€Å"manipulation of that faith to create fear and control† (Bardem), as have done Danforth, Parris, Putnam and Abigail.

Brave New World vs. Gattaca

Brave New World vs.. Cataract BY Killing We all expect the near future to have advance technology and flying cars. Well, genetic engineering Is Indeed advance technology but there are negative effects that come along with it. In both â€Å"Brave New World† by Allots Huxley (1932) and Cataract (1997) is based on how genetic engineering is taken over the world. Everyone was created by science instead of being born and having both parents' genes. Intelligence an personality are very minor In these societies, but the Important thing that matters is where you belong in life.However, the film Cataract is in the future but has a dated style to it. From the clothing and hairstyles to the cars and buildings, it all reminds you of the style in the ass's or ass's. The director intended it to be that way just to view how our style could go back to how It used to be In the past. The setting of the movie sets the mood to be somewhat serious and thriller like. The mood of professional busine ss would be a good example of this film. The theme of the novel is generally saying are we all headed to where our genetic code defines what we do and owe we live.Although the film does not have a futuristic feel to It, the plot still shows you that the future is not that distance. The mall character, Vincent Freeman, wanted to fulfill his dreams and travel into space. The initial problem that occurred was that his gene was not genetic superior to accomplish his goal. Vincent had a heart problem that prevented him from doing big Jobs. He came up with an idea to become a valid person. He decided to use someone else's Identity and DNA to be able to travel in the stars. Vincent uses an athlete, Jerome Marrow, who was paraplegic from a car crash.Freeman changed his looks, style, and even had surgery to become the same height as Jerome. He made sure that people would discover whom he really Is. Later on In the movie, Vincent brother tries to find the murderer of an Important person but w as really trying to find Vincent. They didn't know they were brother because a while back when they were younger, Vincent brother was lost at sea and he haven't seen him ever since. They reunite and realize on how different they were from each other. In a way, this film has a genre of mystery and thriller that is served.On the other hand, the book â€Å"Brave New World† also does not really have that futuristic feel, but you can tell it is based on the future when you read it. The book is older, so when it was written, it did not have the modern day style that we use. The year is actually in 802540, which is way past the year future. The mood of this book Is satirical and bitter. At some points. It was funny but had a serious meaning to It as well. As you read the book, you could notice that there would be more than one thing owing at once where the point of view turns from first person to third person omniscient.The theme of this book Isn't anything compared to Cataract, but it's saying that the community Is sterilized and we are headed for the end if the community we live in continue. In addition to, the movie Cataract is similar to â€Å"Brave New World†. Humans predict other humans lifestyle by making tests and observations to determine where they are placed. This world seeks stability in each society but it most likely doesn't work on everyone. Having a family Is not allowed to be applied In he future.Therefore, the people are separated on what defines them Like being a Delta or an upsilon. In which why the character Bernard is not happy with the order 1 OFF such as having a family. Bernard tries to find the meaning of life but everyone thinks he is crazy from exploring his curiosity. I believe that the both the writers of the film and the book intended on including such an intense view of the future. These views of the future are actually believable and actually could be where we are all headed at to the near future.All though we all imagin e the future being a new and high tech setting, in Cataract we can actually see the style of the ass's and unlike â€Å"Brave New World† we can only read what it could be and visualize it. All in all, both of the Cataract and â€Å"Brave New World† are engaging and interesting. I would recommend reading â€Å"Brave New World† first and then watching Cataract because you can get an older point of view of the future and a more modern point of view. Genetic engineering could be our future if technology becomes bigger than it already is.

Cartography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cartography - Essay Example Consequently, the capability of maps to visualize geographical information and the  geo-spatial  patterns, has made them to prominent in the  GIScience  study and process.    It was  Goodchild  who authored the concept of  GIScience  around the year 1992. He described  GIScience  as a Discipline of Science dealing with  GIS  technology and the obstructions affecting the scientific representation of  geo  spatial data.  Ã‚  Experts further elaborated on this concept and described the function of  GIScience  as addressing the fundamental research principles forming the basis of  GIS. It was also sought to be explained as application of  GIS  to solve scientific problems. From the research point of view, there is justification to conclude that visual representation of GIS data is a major concern of GIScience. These perceptions about the GIScience were further stretched by the books and journals which appeared during the beginning phase of the Sc ience. Maps aid in visual thinking and it would be logical to conclude that GIScience is the application of scientific methodology through maps to the research on GIS. While GIS attempts to represent Geo- spatial data in a methodical, and an intelligible manner through maps, GIScience attempts to address the problems arising in doing so, and further provides reference basis to interpret information represented in maps. GIScience  thus studies spatial representations in maps, map analysis and accuracy in map applications, map visualization, and other similar queries regarding use of maps for the benefit of the society. The significance of maps in the  GIScience  has automatically overlapped the traditional disciplines that deal with the Earth’s complete geographical study and environment. Further, the use of maps in  GIS  is not restricted to the above mentioned subjects, but they also deal with IT Cognitive Sciences besides dealing into artificial intelligence.  W hile it affects each of these sciences,  GIScience  and maps are not central to any of them. It is by itself a new kind of Collaborative Science involving researchers from diverse backdrops working mutually to resolve related problems. These problems being scientific in character and are also related to resource management, commerce, and administration, (Andrienko, and Andrienko, 1999)..    Referring to maps, they were the first tools to be used for representing, synthesizing, analyzing and interpreting geographical data. The rise of Geographical Information Systems has encouraged these functions further. The rigours and elaborate labour associated with the production of maps has now been reduced and there is the added convenience of being able to produce numerous versions of a map from different view points, just by clicking a specific option button or a click of the mouse. Experts haves cited the proliferation of maps, as a result of the emergence of the Internet and the Wor ld Wide Web (WWW). It may be argued also that the quality of such instant maps is no match to the product of the cartographer’s precise and painstaking labour, (Frerichs, 20001). Experts may argue that the precise and laborious map is not always a necessity for a quick grasp of a

IMF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

IMF - Essay Example ) as conditionalities for giving loans and grants to developing countries over the years, especially from the 1980s when many sub-Saharan African countries (and some other developing countries) were facing chronic economic catastrophes and had to sign on to the SAPs in order to access needed loans from the IMF. (Musa, n.d.) The SAPs used as conditionalities by the IMF before granting loans for severely indebted countries have increased the leverage of the IMF in the macroeconomic policy direction of many poor countries and Harvard Development Economist, Jeffery Sachs, has described the IMF’s leverage as a proconsular force. (Sachs, 1999) The use of conditionalities by the IMF for granting loans is however not a novel phenomenon. As far back as the early 1950s, the IMF applied conditionalities to loans it granted to countries. (IMF, n.d.) The use of packaged macroeconomic interventions (i.e. SAP) in economies of heavily indebted countries can be traced to the late 1970s during the global economic turmoil epitomised by the oil crisis, debt crisis, ‘stagflation’, and multiple recessions. (World Bank, n.d.) The implementation of IMF SAPs in different developing countries have a lot of similarities though the actual or specific country implementation are not necessarily the same. (Stein, 1992) Some notable similarities in the IMF SAPs include the following: privatisation of state owned enterprises, abolition of price controls and implementation of price liberalisation, elimination of subsidies maintained by governments on food items and other popular consumables, considerable currency devaluation, reduction in public sector expenditures, and public sector retrenchment of workers. (Naiman and Watkins, 1999; Mosley, and Weeks, 1993) Other common features of IMF SAPs implemented in developing countires include trade liberalisation epitomised by free/open market reforms, introduction of firm controls on credit, introduction of user fees for facilities like health

Protecting Personally Identifiable Information and other ethical Research Paper

Protecting Personally Identifiable Information and other ethical issues - Research Paper Example Ethical issues arise from people’s behavior and established norms offer platforms for determining the issues, whether an act is ethical or not. Utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics are some of the established theories for exploring ethical issues. Brooks and Dunn explains utilitarian theory’s basis as consequences of actions and identify morality with consequences that optimizes good among a majority of involved stakeholders to the action. An act that leads to net harm on a majority of members of the society is therefore considered unethical (2009). Deontology offers another basis for determining morality through parties’ obligations in actions with rules as its core basis. Issues that arise from deontological ethics relates to â€Å"duty, rights, and justice considerations† and therefore definite, unlike arising issues from utilitarianism (Brooks and Dunn, 2009, p. 184). Intentions towards ethical issues, as a factor to morality however rely on v irtue ethics whose basis is the actor’s integrity (Landau, 2012). Protection of personally identifiable information is a significant ethical issue and involves such principles as privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity and traverses utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics theories. ... Breach of these doctrines, having been established as legal or moral rules and obligations, therefore implies lack of ethics subject to deontology theory. Many factors however affect the ethical issue and may influence compromise. In research, for example, a research may fear factors such as loss of validity in communicated findings following non-disclosure of participants’ identity and offered personal information but attempt to document such information would compromise autonomy, based on deontology ethics. The medical profession also requires strict protection of patients’ information and applicable information technology should be configured to ensure such protection. Possible harm that may result from disclosure of such identifiable information such as social isolation into the victim’s depression further identifies utilitarian theory (Runzheimer and Larsen, 2010). The need to promote well being of other members of the society is another significant ethical issue in interactions. Beneficence and non-malfeasance principles establish the issue that can be explored from utilitarian ethics, deontological theory, and virtue ethics. Beneficence requires that actions â€Å"maximize benefits† while non-malfeasance requires minimization of harm to other people and their directive scope relates to the rule based deontology theory (Elliot, Aitken and Chaboyer, 2011, p. 79). The issue’s emergence from actions also identifies them as consequences for utilitarian consideration. Proper planning for safe practices and beneficial acts ensure well being and minimized harm among stakeholders but conflict of interest may compromise the ethical principles to undermine welfare of involved stakeholders. A researcher’s interest in

The Regan Revolution Through President Obama Research Paper

The Regan Revolution Through President Obama - Research Paper Example He also supported anti-Communism policies and strengthened America’s military in response to USSR arms race. The Reagan revolution through President Obama Introduction Another turning points during this period is the 9/11 terrorism attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The terrorism attacks changed the attitudes of US citizens towards air travel. The US enacted the PATRIOT Act that granted counter terrorism agencies the powers to wire trap and apprehend suspected terrorists. The government also enhanced domestic in the significant installations such as airports, roads and ports through creation of homeland security agency. Another 9/11 turning point was invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan since America considered the two countries as a threat to global peace. The US wanted to topple Saddam Hussein regime and end Taliban menace in Afghanistan. The US also changed its foreign policy on nations that were harboring terrorists (Golway, 2008). The first significant turnin g point came in March 1983 when Reagan introduced strategic defense initiatives. The defense projects aimed at manufacturing space-based defense systems that would protect the US from attack by ballistic missiles. This initiative increased the military capability of America and dominance in geo-politics. Some important defense technologies such as space surveillance systems, tracking devices, and anti-missile systems can be traced back to this project. Another significant turning point was the Iran-Contra scandal of 1986 that undermined the international community faith on Reagan administration. Reagan administration was accused of supplying weapons to Iran in exchange of release of hostages that had been held in Lebanon by the terrorists loyal to Iran authorities. The arms were later sold and proceeds went to contras. The US Congress had banned the sale of weapons to Iran. After, Nicaraguan sued the US at the International Court of Justice. The court held that the US had contravene d the international law with Reagan being criticized for ignoring the existence of the political scandal (Golway, 2008). The AIDS epidemic shook the confidence of Americans in the 1980s. The AIDS epidemic was recognized by doctors in early 1980s and captured the attention of the media, special interest groups and the public (Brier, 2009). The epidemic shook the confidence of Americas since it was first associated with gay men and mostly white Americans. Surprisingly, all the people diagnosed with AIDS were gay and suffered from other complications such Pneumonia. Some of the homosexual men who had been diagnosed with AIDS died within a period of 2 years. By 1981, the epidemic had acquired several names such gay related immune deficiency, gay compromise syndrome and gay cancer (Brier, 2009). In the 1980s, AIDS was associated with discrimination and stigma and gay men stopped going out of their houses. Initially, people did not know how AIDS was transmitted since scientists had no evi dence that the epidemic could be transmitted through contaminated blood transfusion. AIDS started being common among homosexuals, drug abuse addicts, Haitians and Haemophiliacs. Haitians also protested against being labeled as a risk group. With more than 3,000 confirmed cases by the end of 1983, there was growing pressure on the government to develop a national AIDS policy and also develop medication (Brier, 2009). In 1985, the government granted five pharmaceutical companies the opportunity to

The ghosts of Rwanda Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The ghosts of Rwanda - Movie Review Example The story was told both by the victims and the perpetrators as well as the third parties who were supposed to stop the genocide but did not do enough. The details of the horror of the genocide was encapsulated in the scene when a Tutsi woman who appealed to the Belgian journalists to take her and her companion with them to escape the attack of the Hutus. The shame of not doing enough when something could have been done was also encapsulated by an American diplomat who said that it was America’s bad taste not to do enough when people were being massacred. General Romeo Dallaire Commander of the UN Peacekeeping Mission also regretted that 800,000 people died in the genocide that he cannot find solace with the statement that he tried his best. Kofi Anan, the UN Secretary General during that time was also one of the resource person for the interview but his reaction portrayed the indecisiveness of the UN as he advised General Dallaire not to engage when it was already apparent tha t the Hutus are bent on sabotaging the peace process. He even advised to share intelligence with the Hutu dominated government who was bent on ending the peace process. The information and probably the lasting impact that the film left to its audience is how ugly and atrocious genocide and extremism is. The killing spree used not only guns but also machetes that spared no one including the Prime Minister. It was so barbaric that the Rwandan genocide in 1995 will probably go down in history as one of the most revolting civil war in mankind’s history. The films that ethnic hatred, when go unchecked can go on a killing spree killing even the highest official in the land (Rwandan President’s plane was shot by a missile and the Prime Minister attacked in her home despite UN security forces). And probably, one of the information given by the film that is as revolting as genocide is the racism exercised by the

Othellos origin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Othellos origin - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that some critics believe that Othello is dominantly a play about race and color. Shakespeare uses the symbol to show the worth of white and prove the discrimination against black. It will be unwise, however, to claim that it is solely with reference to the character of Othello because of Iago, despite his color, had a black heart.   Othello was a ‘Moor’, which applied to Arab and Berber people of North Africa who inhabit medieval Spain. There is a possibility that Othello belonged to the tribe of Moors who remained in Spain after the fall of Granada in 1492. Later, they were expelled in 1609. He could also be connected with the people of Barbary in North Africa. In the play, Iago calls him a ‘barbary horse’ with reference to the famous horses of Arab but also playing a pun on the word calling him a barbarian and a savage. There is a likelihood that he did not belong to any of the categories and was simply a blac k African. This paper will trace Othello’s origin to show that he was not a native of Venice. Bradley, in his book on Shakespeare’s Tragedies, states that the evidence about Othello’s origins is â€Å"indecisive†. Features in Shakespeare’s portrayal of Othello seem to have been strained from all of the blacks who may have been in England during his time. To the Elizabethan mind, black was the color of the skin which depicted the Otherness of a person who had the satanic predisposition and sexual pervasion.  ... lock was chosen to fulfill the need in the dramatic structure of The Merchant of Venice, similarly Othello’s color â€Å"seems to derive from a specific dramaturgical requirement†. Hence, Othello was given black skin and thick lips to clearly distinguish from the native inhabitants of Venice. His problem is not with the community and the government at large. He has the respect of all the people around him. His only enemy is Iago. It can be believed that the dislike of Iago and Roderigo for Othello may be due to his color. In Elizabethan England, people with black skin were called wanderers. Othello is depicted as one of them (Braxton 1990). Recalling from the play when the ensign indirectly calls himself a spider, plotting against Cassio and Desdemona: With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio (II.i) Thus, Othello’s black skin is identical to the color of the spider’s most recurrent victim, the fly. The spider is not necessarily punished for this crime because the fly is the food it preys on. The play could have easily lost its charm, therefore, without the racial prejudice that exists for Othello. The relationship of Iago and Othello is not a bilateral one. Othello trusted Iago and Iago took advantage of this trust. â€Å"It is remarkable how many chief's sons there are in London today. And here is Shakespeare, knowing his audience, using this native English snobbery for his own purpose three and a half centuries ago. And my own feeling is that he takes more trouble to establish sympathy with Othello than he would if Othello were European and if Shakespeare did not expect prejudice.† (Mason 1962) Mason, a critic who writes about race prejudice in Othello rightfully states in the above lines, a mastermind like Shakespeare who knew his

Pornography and the Efferct on Aggressive Behavior Essay

Pornography and the Efferct on Aggressive Behavior - Essay Example The paper will also research on the position of American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) with regard to issues concerning pornographies. Pornography and the Effect on Aggressive Behavior Pornography has been blamed for causing sexual misconduct and antisocial behaviors among teenagers. In addition, pornographic pictures and videos have received unending accusations for contributing to increased raping cases as well as aggressive behaviors among the viewers. However, the above perceptions about pornographies can be termed as mere illusions without significant support and proof. Whether pornographies are present or absent, aggressive sexual behaviors still survives in our societies. The urge to rape or engage in rape depends on individual’s sexual orientation and control, and more on the psychological makeup of a person. For that case, it is hard to prove that when individuals watch pornographies then their likelihood to rape is increased. This is because some culprits of raping ha ve inborn and unethical lusts on women. Other aggressive sexual behaviors such as forced masturbation among students in mixed schools, does not entirely rely on watched pornographies, but may occur due the parties attaining adolescent stage. Watching pornographies is in fact a boost to healthy relationship among couples and sexual partners. Watching pornographies humbles sexual partners as it provides the parties with more explicit and perfect styles of playing serious sex to the satisfaction of the all the parties. Malamuth, Koss and Addison (2000) explicate that when watching the videos and pictures of porn, sexual partners learn the most appropriate postures, the most appropriate body languages and the level of maturity required during sexual intercourse to ensure complacency of every partner upon sexual intercourse. Watching pornographies provides the rare clues about the emerging regions that are sensitive to arousals. Pornographies also provides ways to develop confidence duri ng real sex thus enabling the sex partners play sex fearless of each other as they regard the proceedings as normal and worth practice (Simrings, Klavans & Busnar, 2009). Such information offers explicit pleasure during sex and omitting any offensive or aggressive motives. When couples are satisfied with each other during sex, the marriage gets spiced up making the bedroom very lively and accommodating at all times and even helps in improving physical fitness and wellbeing of partners, thus elongated life. Watching pornographies unlike the common belief has positive effects to the health of an individual. It is advisable that when is heavily stressed, he/she should watch pornographic pictures or videos, which will automatically divert their attention and emotions from stress to more adaptable condition. Pornographies can assist patients succumbing to severe pains tolerate and manage the pains. This is mostly practical to patients who are allergic to pain killers at any time they get injuries. According to Slade (2001), watching pornographies also have soothing and entertaining effects on the particular individuals especially to men when they are lonely and away from their ladies. Pornographies can be considered as mediums of sexual communications because the particular consumers get attracted and develop desire to fulfill their sexual needs and curiosities.

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Accounting - Essay Example PART C: On The basis of your work in Part B, prepare an income statement, a statement of owner’s equity and a balance sheet for the Aimless Company for the accounting period in question in the space provided. PART A: Shown are the first three numerical columns of the worksheet for Rahman Company, a corporation, for the year ending December 31, 2001. Fill in the blank spaces in these three columns, where appropriate. (Hint: Look for both sides of the entry for adjustments and extend account balances.) PART B: Shown next are the last two columns of the worksheet for Rahman Company for the period ending December 31, 2001. On the basis of the earlier three columns that you have completed, fill in these two columns of the worksheet, checking to see if the totals balance. PART C: On the basis of your work in PART B, prepare an income statement, a statement of retained earnings and a balance sheet for Rahman Company for the accounting period in question in the space

Free

Free Will Essay Essay Many people in the western world hold very dear the idea of independence, that they can think freely, choose freely, and express themselves freely. This all is connected to the idea of free will that many believe is what makes us human. Many people cannot, however, define free will. There is always the feeling that one can do whatever he/she wants. That is probably why this idea is such a pleasing concept. There is just one serious flaw in the free will concept. People cannot determine everything; there are some things, even before one is born, that determines who he will be in the future. Since people do not choose their parents, or the nationality of their family this creates a serious flaw in the free will concept. Now if people were able to choose these sorts of things they would be gods. It is not up to people to choose their skin colour, nationality etc. When one looks at this issue the concept of soft determinism is probably the safest solution to answer this problem. Since in this concept there are things determined for people, if one knows what he is doing, and the choice is not, in any way, forced by the circumstances the action that he is performing is free. (Roberts 2012) It means that even though one does not have full control over his life, meaning that one does not determine anything before he is born, people are still able to make conscious choices given that the circumstances allow it, fore example, like I am going to do this tonight, or I am visiting this person tomorrow, but these are simple choices, while there are others that you cant choose freely, like external forces have control over it than your own free will. On a smaller scale, who one person might become is really decided by the governments, society, and religions. Religions restrict the activities and freedom of those who follow it and live under its rules, just like in other countries, people are slaves to their political system. On a similar note and this is a very rare and cruel case, in countries ruled by dictators the rulers determine whether people live or not. Next comes the laws created by the governments, usually they restrict certain activities that people have to do. Also, governments make rules, regulations and legislation that determine what people will have to do. Lastly, societies impact the freedom and choices of the person who lives and interact within that society, because his choices are limited. There are many factors that would prove that free will doesn’t exist; religion is the most undecided one of them all. In the Bible particularly, many sources suggest that everybody that believes in God already has his faith determined. Various quotations, starting in the Old Testament, state that people already have their paths determined for them. In the letter to Ephesians St. Paul writes In him we were also chosen, having been predestined according to the plan of him who works out everything in conformity with the purpose of his will (Ephesians 1:11, Jerusalem Bible). It clearly says that if one believes in God and Jesus Christ has his life determined. In another letter to Thessalonians Paul writes that from the beginning â€Å"Because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation† (2 Thessalonians 2:13). This clearly emphasizes the previous point that everyone who believes in God will has his life determined as one of the chosen people who will be saved by God. This is true for every religion, however it relates to salvation only, not man’s ability to choose his own path. In the very first book of the Old Testament one can interpret the fact that we are created in God’s image, therefore we posses God’s ability to be free (Genesis 1: 26, Jerusalem Bible). Staying with the Bible, in the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve, against God’s will ate the fruit of knowing good and evil. This in itself is a proof that humans can see what is right and wrong and therefore choose for themselves whether they want to be on one side or the other. â€Å"So then each one of us will give an account of himself to God† (Romans 14:12, Jerusalem Bible) tells people that everyone will have to, in his own heart and soul, give God the account of his own actions! On another note, the Qur’an is often wrongly interpreted as being based on determinism. This is false; if a life of a Muslim was determined for him/her at birth there would be no point in him/her trying to find out the nature of his sin, Allah would not have had to send prophets to teach his people the way, because all their actions would be already determined by them (Gorjian 2010). This suggests that, as far a religion goes people are free to do as they feel is right. This however does not justify the fact that governments take away this freedom from their citizens. Governments taking away freedom from their subjects can be traced back in history, and one the greatest examples for this would be the war of ideologies known as World War II. Political systems are based on ideas like fascism which helped Germans in their economic crisis, communism overthrew the Tzars in Russia which gave the proletariat all the influence they needed, while liberalism promised freedom. This all seems perfect, however, as it is all well known, there were flaws in each of those systems. Nazis under Hitler were only nice to a great portion of Germans as they were trying to create the master race. All others: Slavs, Roma, Jews were hated and discriminated against. In occupied Poland Nazis closed schools, denied access to education, confiscated automobiles, (Cosby 2010) houses, land and riches. The Only secondary education available was trade school which trained youth for a specific job denying them the opportunity to express themselves in different fields. They took away people’s freedom putting them in concentration camps and Ghettos; death camps like Auschwitz detained not necessarily Jews but also Poles, Czechs, Gypsies and even Germans (Biega 1996). For the sake of creating the master race they were determined to kill and enslave, even their own people which meant that one could not choose his affiliation freely, he was either with or against Hitler. In Russia during the Bolshevik Revolution aristocrats were condemned to death. In democratic, liberal countries the process of taking away free will is different. But sticking with the systems; theory of taking away human rights, one has to talk about people operating the machine of terror. Behind every tyranny there is a tyrant including Hitler and Stalin who are probably the most reviled dictators with a very bad reputation. Out of all the evildoers in the world, they were the most remembered for imposing their will on hundreds and thousands of people leaving a stain that makes saying their name in public an awkward thing. Their acts are known to all who knows the history of the 20th century. Their actions caused a lot of distress, killing and exploiting people, imprisoning innocents and denouncing everybody simple rights, no matter if he was a friends or foes. Nobody was allowed to publically speak their minds, people could be killed for any simple reason. Both of them used concentration and death camps where people would be stripped of their freedoms and their rights did not exist and their bodies were exploited for hard labour or experiments. In these countries dictators were the law. Now if one looks at a country like North Korea with Kim Il Sung, the previous leader of the nation, he denied people rights of information, freedom of press or freedom of speech. He ordered the whole nation to be brainwashed to believe he was god. Aside from being an attack on one’s free will it was an attack on one’s understanding of the world. When the supreme leader died, people fell into chaos as they did not know what will happen the next day, if there was a next day. Kim Il Sung took away not only their freedom, but also their whole world. These are things that would be unthinkable in a democratic society. In democratic states laws are a fundamental part of the society. People are afraid of anarchy more than they are scared to lose their rights even though these laws are just written statements of already known moral facts. It is logical that killing someone is immoral, stealing is wrong; all sorts of sexual act are cruel for the victim. Laws are supposed to protect people and make sure that others are shielded from the evildoers who break the law. There is a difference though between punishing someone for what he has done and changing the laws to suit someone’s personal goal. Looking at the terrorist attacks on September 11 2001. The aftermath of this horrible event sparked even more terrible actions taken by the lawmakers. The Patriot Act was something that unjustifiably took away peoples’ rights to act free not for something that they have done but rather something they might, maybe, probably be doing. The Patriot Act targeted many innocent people who were under suspicion of being terrorists not because they took part in terrorist training, but rather because they were of a certain skin colour or race. An initiative was put together by editorial cartoonists to present the very hurtful truth of how freedom was taken away through laws. Thus, for example Lalo Alcaraz created a cartoon that presents President Bush saying that liberty is secured while on another panel the Statue of Liberty is seen in prisoner outfit handcuffed and presented like detainees from Guantanamo Bay, commentary is unnecessary for this one. Another work by Clay Bennett demonstrates workers using materials from house labelled privacy to build a fence around this house which was labelled security. What the author was trying to present is the scandal with phone calls being listened to in order to prevent another attack while trying to listen for any terrorist activity (USA Patriot Art Show). The types of activities presented in the previous argument are shunned upon by many people because they invade their privacy and freedom. On the other hand laws and regulations with the word ‘freedom’ in them are very highly thought of by citizens since they are an assurance of their freedom and ability to express it. Laws, such as the freedom of speech, freedom of information, and freedom of religious expression or sexual expression, are important, they work as a manifestation of country’s liberty. How is it than that many of these laws, even though they say freedom, do not really give people the right to exercise these rights freely? That is because they contradict with many other rights granted by the government. And so one has the freedom of speech yet he cannot say racist things or anti-homosexual slurs as it violates the anti hate speech law. This is a very big and unsubordinated flaw on the part of the governments if they are able to pass two contradicting laws. If they do that hen freedom of speech is not so free anymore and takes away one’s ability to say whatever he wants, no matter how offensive or inappropriate it is. However, as much as we can see governments and religions as factors that manipulate or free will, society can be considered one of the biggest factors too. Society, the people we interact with, live by, and see everyday, those are the ones that constraint your choices and free will. Society even though it is not shown clearly, it still forces the individual to forget about making free choices that will deviate him/her from the norm. destructive attitudes such as racial prejudice, attitudes can lead our thoughts and actions. Social influences can affect human behaviour by changing our attitudes. So, actions like what i just mentioned affect our choices, and limits the options we have to choose from in life. Society can limit the ways you think, behave, choose, act, and develop, which makes it the perfect tool to completely strip away someones freedom without showing that its forcing this freedom to be taken away, basically, how society works is it makes us think we are free willed, but we are not free to choose what we want to do. There was enough said in this essay, maybe even too much. There were a lot of thoughts meant to be conveyed and views to be shared. There is only hope that one might understand the fact that governments don’t have to be evil fascist dictatorships or communist oppressors to control its citizens. Even though we may feel like we have complete control over our free will, there are external forces that impact the way we make our choices and the the paths we choose. Societies, religions, and governments are the major part of these external forces that manipulate our choices and our free will, so in the end, this idea of complete free will might be an illusion since humans are controlled by and external force whether it be government, religion or the society and individual lives in. â€Å"Because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation† (2 Thessalonians 2:13, New Revised Standard Version) In him we were also chosen, having been predestined according to the plan of him who works out everything in conformity with the purpose of his will (Ephesians 1:11, Jerusalem Bible) In the very first book of the Old Testament one can interpret the fact that we are created in God’s image, therefore we posses God’s ability to be free (Genesis 1: 26, Jerusalem Bible) â€Å"So then each one of us will give an account of himself to God† (Romans 14:12, Jerusalem Bible).

Looking at Corporate Governance in TESCO Plc

Looking at Corporate Governance in TESCO Plc Corporate governance basically is a kind of concept that has been described with thousands of definitions because of its relations to economic positions of the companies.The most basic ones that can be conceptualised are as Corporate governance is a system that regulates efficiency in management of business companies involving of certain codes of practice,contracts and legislations. Corporate Governance are the policies, procedures and rules governing the relationships between the shareholders, (stakeholders), directors and management of a company, as defined by the applicable laws, the corporate charter, the companys bylaws, and formal policies. ZAWAIDEH, M. (2003).Definition of Corporate Governance [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: https://www.xing.com/net/balancedscorecard/2-insights-4642/definition-corporate-governance-1813244/ [ACCESSED:8 NOV 2009]. Corporate Governance in TESCO Plc. Corporate governance of a company encompassing with high defined values and plans i.e efficient discharge of board responsibilities towards the interest of shareholders can produce good performance.if the basic principles or codes of practice of corporate governance is not followed may lead to deterioration in the economic and financial performance of a company. Corporate governance under Combined code in TESCO plc. can be summarised by dividing into sub-categories. Effective board Chairman and executive having their own responsibilities Balance and Independence of directors Appointments of directors Committees Nomination committee Audit Committee Renumeration Committee Board performance evaluation Risk management and Internal Controls Effective board of any company forms the backbone towards good performance and stability of company. Consistent growth and success of Tesco plc. during recent years shows that company has potentially qualified and highly experienced board of directors.Moreover taking consideration into Tesco plc. annual report it is also clearly visible that board of directors are aware of goals and objectives related with the company. Northcote Internet Pvt Ltd(NO DATE).Tesco Plc. [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM. http://www.northcote.co.uk/company_links/by_sector.asp?SIT=1SID=12SDL=NI02770. [ACCESSED:9 nov 2009]. Chairman and chief executive officer form as two main pillars of the company. Vital activities necessary in smooth progress of the company depends on the shoulders of chairman and chief executive officers. Company having, chairman and chief executive officers, distributed responsibilities and accountabilities fall under provisions of good governance. Considering Tesco plc. set of responsibilities and duties for chairman(Sir David Reid) and chief executive officer(Sir Terry Leahy) are very well distributed therefore avoiding any way of decisions to be taken by a single person.The shareprice of the company is also maintaining good consistency ,because of trustworthy relations between shareholders and chairman. Morningstar (NO DATE) Tesco Impresses with First Half Results (Management and stewardship). [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/article.aspx?lang=en-GBarticleid=82979categoryid=660 [ACCESSED:9 NOV 2009]. Balance between the directors in the board is one key point in maintaining the stability and financial progress of the company. if the balance between the board of directors in a company is not present, the company cannot flourish unanimously. Taking consideration into tesco plc,the company has 15 members in the board where eight are executive directors and seven are non-executive directors. According to combined code atleast half of the board should be comprised of directors that are independent and there should be balance, whereas in case of Tesco plc balance between board of directors is not attained,this also raises the question of independence among the directors. Appointment of board for a company is another essential footstep that has to be followed on a regular basis in order to maintain the standard of required skills and experience. Generally the election in a company is held annually, which is the best way of practising and complying with combined code. In accordance with Tesco plc the election of board is held every three years,which is not very well regulated. Morningstar (NO DATE) Tesco Impresses with First Half Results (Management and stewardship). [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/article.aspx?lang=en-GBarticleid=82979categoryid=660 [ACCESSED:10 NOV 2009]. The Committee structure provides company to perform in parts and give out united results by concentrating on key areas.cosidering Tesco plc. ,it is divided into three important committees namely Nominations Committee Remumeration Committee Audit Committee Nomination committee The Committees purpose is to mould the approach of TESCO to concerns of corporate governance and, from time to time, to review such approach and make recommendations to the Board of TESCO in respect of such matters. In addition, the Committee shall advise the Board on corporate governance and related matters.the committee is chaired by David Reid.as it can be percieved re-election in tesco happens to be every three year so nomination process needs to be improved ,may be it can be reduced to one year process which can explore new talents and experiences Audit committee The Committees purpose is to represent and assist the Board of Directors with oversight of the integrity of TESCOs accounting and financial reporting processes (including related internal controls) and the audits of the financial statements of TESCO. Management is responsible for the TESCOs accounting and financial reporting processes. The external auditors are responsible for the audit within accepted auditing standards of TESCOs accounting and reporting process and reporting the results of that audit to the Committee. Tesco Corporation(2008).Audit committee charter. [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.tescocorp.com/data/1/rec_docs/523_Tesco%20Audit%20Committee%20Charter%2007-05-18.pdf [ACCESSED ON:11 nov 2009] Remuneration Committee Remuneration committee is basically designed for remuneration of directors,employees or staff in a proper and efficient way.In a statement, Tesco said: Remuneration for the main board reflects the highly competitive environment in retail and the need to recruit and retain the best people.An independent remuneration committee approves rewards, linking them to challenging long-term performance targets. If these targets are not met, the rewards diminish. Breakingnews.ie(2003).Tesco chief gets 15% pay and benefits boost. [WEBSITE].AVAILABLE FROM: http://www.breakingnews.ie/archives/2003/0511/business/snidojeykf/ [ACCESSED ON:11 NOV 2009]

Supply Chain Management Case Study: Walmart

Supply Chain Management Case Study: Walmart 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to understand the Supply Chain Management What are the essences of SCM ? In order to complete the aim of this work the objectives are: Learn more about Supply Chain Management ( Origins) The needs of Supply Chain Management for the Organisations The Benefits of Doing So The Objectives and the fundamental elements of SCM: Examine common cases to find the current issues And for finish Evaluate the improvments accordings to the contribution to the results wanted. 1.3 INFORMATION SOURCES Both secondary and primary data will be discussed in this dissertation Information used will have the latest data and statistics according to researched literature and online data from various articles, journals, newspapers , annual reports Secondly, after revising the collected secondary data and formulating the current issues and problems I will include graphs and answers from my own personal sources that were collected threw out all the work .Thirdly, I will explain the primary and write a discussion followed by the summary of main findings and completed with conclusion. 1.5 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY current research is limited by the fact that is it rather unlikely for companies to provide data related to our business and strategies plans.For this reasons, although my interviews answer was brief, i tried to summarize my research by taking some general answer related to this case i mean Organisation strategies found in the internet. DISERTATION STRUCTURE Following the introduction of the problem, aims, objectives and method of the deep research ,the chapters will structured as: Chapter two; will provide information from the literature review as from written published journals , books, websites and other work that have been already discussed by other authors It will give detailed understandingSupply Chain Management, the needs for SCM ;The benefits for doing so ; the fundamentals elements of SCM and the Supply chain Management issues.this chapter will have good presentation on latest events related to SCM Chapter three: , which gives the general idea and introduction to Supply Chain Management and its historical development Chapter four; examines The Supply Chain Mangament structure process The Key components I mean the fundamenals elements Chapter five;Examines the issues in SCM by discussing problems and available positive changes in order to identify solutions by later discussion and evaluation of the current progress and future plans in improving SCM conditions.. Chapter six:is a General introduction to Wal mart with his Supply chain explained, order to implement everything I say and quote in my previous research. Chapter seven; summarize on the topic from the discussion of chapter six and drawing conclusion based upon the information in previous chapters. Chapter eight; final part of work will include the list of most often used references CHAPTER 1 1.1.1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management This chapter will be an introduction the Supply Chain Manageent and its principles as it is important to understand the scope of the area in order to discuss its current situation. Lets go to the origin of logistics and its evolution to the concept of Supply Chain Management. Although broadly defined in some dictionaries. The definition of the CNL (Council of Logistics Management) differs slightly: Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans , implement and controls the efficient , effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements. Logistics has its origins in the armies. Its presented successively as part of military operations that the group which coherent in arms champagne live, move and fight in the best conditions of efficiency to become the area is by all problems relating to supply of all natures, in their delivery and for their distribution through base and transit operations. According to Chopra, Sunil and Peter Meindl(2004). Supply Chain Consist of allparties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The Supply Chain not only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but organization, such as manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and filling a customer request.Theese functionsinclude, but are not limited to, new product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance and customer service. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION This literature review is written about Supply Chain Management. The research for this piece of work is based on how organizations put into operation an effective Supply Chain Management. Throughout this literature review, i will demonstrate knowledge of Supply Chain Management ; Explain the need to manage a Supply Chain Management and describe the benefit of doing so. I will also look at the objectives and list fundamental elements of Supply Chain Management and examinate possible issues on Supply Chain Management. Information about this piece of work are collected from various sources such as books and online journals Modules lectures listed after: Ronald H. Ballou in Business logistics/supply chain management 5th ed Martin Christopher logistics and supply chain management 3rd ed Gerard Baglin management industriel et logistique 4th ed A case study of Ceramic HG. Willian. J. Stevenson Operation Management Donald Waters Supply Chain Management an introduction to Logistics 2nd ed Keywords: Supply Chain Management: The context of continuous evolution is still more advance level of competition, the success of an enterprise is not only the management of core activities but also depends on relationships and supply management. Thus, upstream and downstream of the SCM, a company needs to manage relationships with customers and suppliers. Ordinarily, the increasing trend of outsourcing maintains this requirement. The Supply chain is the organization that provides(in human beings, organizations ). SCM (Supply Chain Management) is in charge for organizing the supply by the managing of flows in the context of the company. The basic principle of SCM is that gets a worse result by optimizing every element of the chain, rather than optimizing the overall chain (the sum of the optima of each element of the chain is less than the global optimum ) A product is never made throughout by the same company. Many suppliers, intermediates and subcontractors implicated in different phases of product realization. Traditionally, communication between stakeholders is minimized. To ensure hazards, each form of stocks more or less important, expensive( Gerard Baglin 2005)The slightest error restraints the flow and interrupts the chain which is penalized. Supply Chain Management wants to ensure the overall fluidity while ensuring greater flexibility. It provides the shift from production-oriented product to a customer-centric-production(Olivier Bruel 2005 ). The Need for Supply Chain Management: The essence of supply chain is to maximise value and reduce total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and the certainty of response to the market (Tom McGuffog). Since companies improves toward virtual, real-time organizational structures, a new set of Supply Chain Management capabilities will come into sight, and that permits the user to react rapidly to the market demand. Due to globalization, Supply Chain Management has turn out to be a means for companies to compete efficiently at local as well as global scale. It became a fundamental element for companies, especially when it comes to deliver services at a competitive cost and high quality. Now days, product and services have no value unless they are in the possession of the customer when (time) and where (place) they wish to consume them Ronald H. Ballou (1999; p13) . According to William.J. Stevenson( 2008 ) the needs for Supply Chain Management are these followings ? Developing operations Increasing levels of outsourcing Increasing transportation costs Competitive pressures Increasing globalization Increasing importance of e-commerce Complexity of supply chains Managing inventories As stated before, Supply chain management creates an efficient and integrated company. It plays considerable roles when it comes to reduction of costs and time by channelizing the products into appropriate distribution channels in order to enable the goods to reach the end consumers on time. Those above are not the only benefit of supply chain management. William J. Stevenson identified benefits of SCM as follow: Lower inventories Higher productivity Greater agility Shorter lead times Higher profits Greater customer loyalty Integrates separate organizations into a cohesive operating system. Elements of Supply Chain Management: There are three types of Supply Chain Management elements, namely: Strategic Tactical Operational Issues on Supply Chain Management: According to TMG ( Transportation Management Group Inc ) article published the 24 Jan-2000. Nowadays, the Supply Chain Management world, companies are required to focus on developing the necessary capabilities to address key business issues. Getting product from the vendor to the shelf to fulfil consumer demand has been identified as one of the critical business issues. To address this issue, organizations must center on building a flow management capability. As an initiative to support this capability, companies need to optimize their distribution network to enable merchandise flow. This optimized distribution network must also support key changes associated with the new merchandise flow strategies. The optimized distribution network must support product assortments, order practices, replenishment methods, replenishment quantities, increase in imports if applicable, and new store formats that will require stores operating at much lower inventory levels than today. A preliminary analysis of existing Supply Chain Operating models indicate that there are significant opportunities to rationalize current distribution center networks by exploring new flow path options. These alternatives are driven by many factors. The following are high level attributes and the issues that must be addressed with each of them. The mains issues on Supply Chain Management retained are these followings: Customer Demands Cost Issues Consolidation/Partnering Globalization Technology Government Regulatory Agencies Throughout my research we will detail each of them. 1.1 Supply Chain Management: Supply Chain Management, SCM, defines the control of the supply chain from the first supplier to end customer. Supply Chain Management aims to assess as accurately as the needs, availability and capacity of each link in the supply chain and manufacturing, to better synchronize and serve customers in the best possible conditions. Basically we can conclude that the SCM Supply Chain Management helps improve the flow and time while controlling costs. http://rmdonovan.web6.hubspot.com/Portals/61797/images/image002.gif According to 2011 R. Michael Donovan Co Figure SC-2 The standard manufacturing supply chain shows the traditional flow of information and materials to and from the customers and the suppliers through the company. The processes within the supply chain typically have a strong correlation to the traditional silo organizational functions within a manufacturing company, including sales, engineering, manufacturing, distribution, and accounting. The business process flows across an organization, but communication, accountability, and reward systems flow vertically. This organizational and process contradiction often impedes supply chain effectiveness. ( Hanfield,2002, p.9) that supply chain can see in two angles, internal one for the company and external for the supplier .A supplier for this company has his own set of suppliers that provide input. Supply Chain are essentially a series of linked suppliers and customers until products reach the ultimate customer. In the world Supply Chain Management, we have three words the first word is Supply ; the second one Chain and the third one Management. Definition of Management The fact is that different supply chain in every day world exist wether they are managed or not. If one of the organization will actively implement any of supply chain management concepts explained further on in the thesis, the supply chain as a phenomenon of business will still exist but will probably not act in a rational, coordinated way. Supply chain management therefore requires active management efforts by the organisations within the supply chain. What is an organisation? Lipovec 1987, p35) defines organization as the composition of relationships between people, who by relationships become members of a formed social unit. Organisation ensure the existence and specific characteristics of the social unit and rational achievement of goals. According to Rozman(2000, p15) there are 3 process in a organisation assuring rational achievement of goals: organization process, coordination process, and decision making process. The organisational process are defined as goal oriented processes of ensuring the rationality The Way Spain Was by Neruda: Analysis The Way Spain Was by Neruda: Analysis The Way Spain Was is in the poetic collection Third Residence, which Neruda had written when he was a member of the Communist Party of the Chile. He is very much concerned about the common people of the land. Although his mind is burdened with seething social issues, he spoke as simply as possible to communicate his sentiments to the public. He recounts with passion the repeated suffering recorded in the history of Spain. How unto crying out, unto the very soul I live your barren soil and your rough bread, your stricken people! How in the depths of me grows the lost flowers of your villages, timeless, impossible to budge, your tracts of minerals bulging like oldsters under the moon, devoured by an imbecile god. The poet brings out the harsh realities of life through various images. Fresh bloom of life that cannot be found, the lost flower of your villages continues to clamour in his mind. He is enraged that an idiot like god is punishing the land that he loves. Through the deep love for Chile he begins to consider Spain as his motherland. When he witnessed the ruins of Machuchu Pichchu, his love for the land became more intense. His mourning for the Spains glorious past is evident in the words our stricken people. Silence and isolation are repeated and cries of Taut and dry Spain, this phrase shows the core of his sensibility and the memories of war reminds him of the dull and loud sound of drums. In spite of the fertility of Spain the poet is more concerned about the inhabited of the land affected by the civil war and dictatorship. He is very much conscious of the Spanish soil aged by years of sunlight and of regions invades by various races. your harsh wine and your sweet wine. Your violent and delicate vineyards. Stone of the sun, pure among territories, Neruda also mourns for his best friend Garcia Lorca and Miguel Hernandez, who died in the Spanish civil war. Spain veined with bloods and metals, blue and victorious, this clearly shows the history of king discoverers and the tragedy of civil war which made him Republican and he uses his poetry as a weapon to fight against the violence. The ordinary people of the society i.e, the common people are suppressed and their lifes plight is showcased clearly in the line proletariat of petals and bullets/ alone alive, somnolent, resounding. The people of rich fertile land are depended on their daily labours; their life is beautiful with the horror of war in it. Opposition of ideas can be seen in the words sweet and harsh, in violent and delicate in petals and bullets these words confirms that Neruda is fighting against the suppression of proletariat He writes about a poor, but beautiful Spain, historically rich and glorious in the past, crushed and destroyed in the present. It is a fact that Pablo Neruda openly reacted to the contemporary political events in Spain and his own country that made him summaries his own life as follows: I have had to fight and struggle, love and sign. I have had to see the breaking world, the triumph and the defeat. I tasted the bread and the blood. What more can a poet want? And all the alternatives, from the songs to the kisses, from the solitude to the people, exist in my poetry, participate in it, because I have lives for my poetry, and my poetry has sustained me. Intense feeling for the colonised people is very much seen along with the reaction to the social and political events in his mother country. Discoverers of Chile is taken from Canto General, Nerudas the most important work. First, it was conceived as Canto General of Chile and later became the general song of America, i.e., Canto General. The new practice of addressing to an audience, communicating with a group of people becomes more specific in Canto General, a collection of poems that are often called epic poems of Chile. Published in 1950 and divided into fifteen sections, these poems tell the tale of Latin American people. Songs of Canto General were composed over twelve years, which are also considered years of militant Neruda. Many sections of Canto General are dedicated to workers and peasants whose homes and experiences the poet had shared so many times. While reading these poems one feels that these are the people who are lending their voice to his poetry. Through these poems Neruda explains how his people were oppressed and exploited first by the conquerors and then by the dictators, the collection ends with an autobiographical account of him. Neruda celebrates the mysteries of South America, its flora and fauna, and gazes with wonder at an antique civilisation that really belongs to pre-Columbian days. Discoverers of Chile is taken from Canto General, Nerudas the most essential work. To begin with, it was considered as Canto General of Chile and later turned into the general melody of America, i.e., Canto General. The new routine of tending to a crowd of people, speaking with a gathering of individuals turns out to be more particular in Canto General, an accumulation of lyrics that are regularly called epic sonnets of Chile. Distributed in 1950 and isolated into fifteen segments, these ballads tell the story of Latin American individuals. Tunes of Canto General were made more than twelve years, which are additionally considered years of aggressor Neruda. Many segments of Canto General are devoted to laborers and workers whose homes and encounters the writer had shared such a variety of times. While perusing these lyrics one feels that these are the general population who are loaning their voice to his verse. Through these lyrics Neruda clarifies how his kin were persecuted and abus ed first by the winners and afterward by the despots, the gathering closes with a personal record of him. Neruda praises the riddles of South America, its greenery, and looks with marvel at an antique civilisation that truly has a place with pre-Columbian day In the first line poet discovers the history of the invaders, who they are and from where they come? The word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾northà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ indicates European country mainly the Spain. The Spanish force entered Chile under the commanding ship of Almagro (in some translation instead of Almagro, pronoun he is used, he can be a suggestive of Pedro de Valdivia, who followed the route of Diego de Almagro in 1541 and established the colony at Santiago). He may also indicate any or all of the conquerors of Chile. The Conquers entered into the land with gunshots. The poet calls his country as my thin country. The strong forces suppressed the small country Chile which suffered in silence. From the north Almagro brought his crushed ember: And over the territory, between explosion and sunset The poet uses various images to stress his point of suppression of the country like the Spaniard meeting with his dry figure; shadows of thorn and coal covering it with mysterious kisses. Again, he personifies Chile as an old man with a white beard, which is actually the foam from the sea. It is a veiled suggestion that his people couldnt hold out for a long period against the powerful invaders and so were compelled to surrender, to merge their own history and culture with that of their colonial masters. Neruda admits that the Spaniard did succeed in conquering his undiscovered territory that lay beyond the seas and in ruling over the angry and yellow-coloured people of his land. They also succeeded in giving birth to a new civilisation that slowly and surely supplanted the old one of the native Indians like dropping the excrement (dung) by a sea-eagle that was hovering and circling above the sky. Neruda starts with the history of the Spanish settlers in Chile, enamoured as they were by tales of richness and of wealth.   Thus, we have a land where coal covers it with mysterious kisses and Gold burns, Silver illuminates. The imagery emanates with light and colour contrasted by shades of darkness that only emphasises the relationship between   the colonisers and the Indian people the vanquished, and again Chiles intrinsic relationship with Spain. It is continuous Eurocentric history that is only displaced by the myth of creation, probably Amerindian, where the eagle drops a strip of land in the sea and a country is born. Neruda describes his country in its actual physical form, in simple phrase such as my thin country and silence lies in its long line. This contains an indirect suggestion that the people could not hold out against the powerful invaders and so were compelled to merge their own history and culture with that of the masters. The sea appears as a descri ptive factors and as a person whose marine beard all lifes follows. Neruda begins with the historical backdrop of the Spanish pilgrims in Chile, captivated as they were by stories of lavishness and of riches. In this manner, we have a land where coal covers it with mysterious kisses and Gold burns , Silver illuminates . The symbolism radiates with light and shading differentiated by shades of dimness that lone accentuates the connection between the colonizers and the Indian individuals the vanquished, and again Chiles characteristic association with Spain. It is persistent Eurocentric history that is just uprooted by the myth of creation, likely Amerindian, where the hawk drops a segment of land in the ocean and a nation is conceived. Neruda portrays his nation in its real physical frame, in basic expression, for example, my thin country and silence lies in its long line. This contains an aberrant recommendation that the general population couldnt hold out against the effective intruders as were constrained to consolidate their own history and cultur e with that of the experts. The ocean shows up as distinct components and as a man whose marine beard all lifes takes after. Discovered in 1911 by the American explorer Hiram Bingham, Macchu Picchu is an Inca stronghold in the Peruvian Andes near the modern city of Cuzco. Nothing is known of its history and it appears that it was never discovered by the Spanish Conquistadors. Bingham himself believed that the site was the last refuge of the Incas from the invading Spanish. In The Heights of Macchu Picchu, The poet meanders through the world as a empty net assembling nothing from the world. He dives his hand into the earth and finds the sulfurous peace of the world and its spent human springtime. Neruda asks what is the indestructible, the perpetual, life on the planet. The concentration shifts from the writer himself as he battles however the world and he sees that the whole world is in a comparable circumstance. The artist depicts the lives of individuals on the planet as they battle with living. Every day people die their little deaths. many deaths comes to each Every day a little death. He climbs to Macchu Picchu as he climbs he gains an insight into the history of the place. The stellar void of the final steps and the vertiginous spiralling road He thinks about the general population who lived there once. Presently the place is unfilled there is nobody in the land. He ponders who construct the city there whose remains are still there. He feels the vacancy, Today the vacant air does not sob anymore. Neruda addresses the lost Incas of Peru: you tumbled as in pre-winter to a solitary passing. He says that they live on in the stones of Macchu Picchu. Once the land is possessed by individuals yet now the land is vacant with its remnants. The land can be the casualty of misuse of colonizers. He feels for the grand past of the nation. He asks where is the man? among the uncovered stones. Did Macchu Picchu construct itself? Neruda needs to think about the general population who had once strolled the roads. He dives his hand into the earth a moment time and finds Man. At the point when the excited condor beats my sanctuaries I dont see the quick animal. Instead, I see the man of old. Now Neruda loses all association with his European past; he is presently an American and his family relationship is with its indigenous individuals. Neruda addresses the local people groups, specifically the workers, weavers, bricklayers, and so forth. He requests that they Ascend to be conceived with me, my sibling. Neruda feels his own otherworldly resurrection and a resurrection of the dead individuals of the Americas. The poem ends: Cling to my body like magnets Hasten to my veins and to my mouth Speak through my words and my blood. Nerudas Elementary Odes are also a mastery of expression and imagery where he raises useful but mundane objects to sublime heights. His poetry cultivates simplicity of language and simplicity of technique; and his purpose is to strip his writings of any distorted or complex factors that may impede the understanding of the reader. His tone is optimistic and positive, and Ode to the Tomato is a wonderful example of a poem that presents a pictorial description of a salad making to which a reader can add the more profound meaning culled from an American culture. In the poem Neruda uses the image of tomato as a symbol of coloniser. This is very clearly seen in the lines, The street drowns in tomato: noon summar, light breaks in two tomato halves and the street run with juice. Here the poet uses the tomato to represent the invasion of Spanish and Portuguese colonial in South America. Tomato is the one of the major crops in Spain. So the poet indirectly symbolizes the Spanish people with tomato. And that the tomato spread all over the streets of Chile like the juice. When cut, the two/tomato/halves looks like the two hemispheres to which Chile and Spain belong, the only difference being that it is summer in Chile in December (as it belongs to the Southern Hemisphere) and winter in Spain (as it belongs to the Northern Hemisphere). The coloniser doesnt need any permission to enter or occupy the land. That has been in the lines, the tomato cuts loose, invades kitchens South America is conquered, suppressed, exploited by the colonialism. The coloniser of Chile (Spanish people) enters into the kitchen of Chile peoples house and occupies their places without any proper permission from them. Each line of this poem is unusually short, containing no more than one to four words. The line structure causes the reader to look at the next and then the next line to complete the action that has begun, of preparation of the salad that is an essential part of the midday meal in both South American and European countries, especially Spain. Thus, Neruda starts with the season when the tomatoes fill the stalls of vegetables vendors and their colour, though not mentioned, instantly captures the attention. The two tomato halves are also reminiscent   of the two hemispheres to which the countries Chile and Spain belong. It is not until the word December appears that we realise that the summer the poet is speaking about is of course one and the same in Southern hemisphere. The fact that the tomato breaks its bounds and invades/kitchens remains us of another takeover of their lands and their culture by the Spanish colonisers who came in the wake of Columbus. Neruda brings the picture of culinary delight to emphasize the union of two cultures. The Spanish people, who invaded Chile, sustained a relationship through marriage and by which there formed a mixture of culture of two races- the American (Red) Indians and the Europeans (Whites). This union is poetically explained in the lines: beds cheerfully with the blonde onion, and to celebrate oil the filial essence of the olive tree lets itself fall over its gapping hemispheres, the pimento adds its fragrance, salt its magnetism- The process of cooking aromatic salad mentioned in the poem indirectly speaks about the mixing of one culture with the other. The line we have the days wedding suggests the image of colonisation. Of course, the salads bowl with its olive and pimentos also suggests a cheerful lending of Chilean and Spanish culture. In fact, the melting-pot culture of America has now been replaced by the concept of the salad bowl where all the colours can mix without any losing their original shape, form, individuality and identity. Neruda races ahead to the meal that beckons with its aromas. There is immediacy when he writes, its time! Lets go! there is celebration and joy in this meal. the festival/or ardent colour/and all-embracing freshness. It is a veritable joining of cultures, at least through the common denominator of food. Spanish colonization over Chile can be characterized as pilgrim colonization, wherein the colonizers blend with the colonized and the division between the two societies is obscured. The conquistadors took it on themselves to be a piece of the foundation and not disparage the status of the colonized. They shared culture, dialect and wound up noticeably one with the occupants of their settlement. This is one reason why Nerudas verse does not contain any contempt towards Spain. This is especially apparent in the words like a goodly majesty, we have the days / wedding. There is no threatening vibe towards the colonizers of any sort. Neruda considers himself to be an epitome of the Spanish culture, as the writer of damaged human nobility who brings alive a landmass fate and dreams According to Jaime Alazraki, Neruda is not simply chronicling verifiable occasions but rather re-translating them with an unmistakable standpoint of history. Hes glancing back at American pre-history and analyzi ng the lands rich, normal legacy. Postcolonial literature often focuses on the suppression, oppression, identity crisis, alienation, and cultural identity etc, faced by the natives of the colonised land. But the poems of Neruda present the theme of post colonialism in a different way, here though the atrocities of colonisers are portrayed he never hates them, instead celebrates the mingling of culture. The Way Spain Was records the sufferings of people recorded in the history of Spain as a colony through many harsh images. The land blessed with natures bounty was destroyed in the civil war. He traces the history of Spain the present invaders were once invaded by many. Through many opposing images the horror of war and the plight of the affected people are portrayed effectively. Discoverers of Chile brings out the pain of suppressed people under the rule of dictators. As a historian he discovers the past glory of the thin country and also its invaders. Silent sufferings of the native people and how they are compelled to merge culturally with the invaders are resented in this short poem in an emphatic manner. In The Heights of Macchu Picchu though he describes the beauty of the landscape he is in search of the lost identity and the glorious past of the place. Now there is no man and he investigates where he has gone? The ruins found in the place give a hint to the colonial invasion. In the poem Ode to The Tomatoes his love for the Spanish and Chilean collaboration is very much evident when he tells about the process of cooking salads. As he aromatically describes the mingling of different ingredients in the preparation of salad, his love for the mixed culture and the coloniser can be clearly seen.

The Black Death :: Disease, Plague

The Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemic that hit Europe in history. The Black Death first emerged in the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348 (Gottfried,1). The plague came from several Italian merchant ships which were returning to Messina. Several sailors on board were dying of an unknown disease and a few days after arriving in Messina, several residents within and outside of Messina were dying as well (Poland 1). The Black Death was as deadly as it was because it was not limited by gender, age, or species. The Black Death was also very deadly because it could attack in three different forms: the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague. Even though the bubonic plague can not be transmitted among humans, it was the most common of the three plagues. The bubonic plague occurs when fleas feed on the blood of infected rodents, which are usually rats (Poland 1). The bacterium that causes the infection is known as Yersenia Pestis. The fleas then pass the bacteria when they bite a human or when materials infected with Yersenia pestis directly enters the body through a wound. The names of this plague come from the swellings, also known as buboes, that appeared on a victim’s neck, armpits, or groin (Gottfried,1).The lymph nodes suddenly become painful and swollen with pus especially in the groin. Later, the skin splits and oozes pus and blood. Blood also comes out of the victim’s urine which, like the rest of the symptoms, smells horribly. These swellings (also known as tumors) could be as small as an egg or as big as an apple. Even though some people survived this disease, others would have a life expectancy of a week. The septicemic plague was transmitted in the same way as the bubonic plague. The septicemic plague was transmitted with direct contact with a flea bite. The only three hosts in which the disease could live in were in humans, rats, and fleas (Inspecta 1). Inside the rat flea, the bacteria Yersenia pestis multiply inside the flea which in turn, blocks the flea’s stomach causing it to be very hungry. As a result, the flea starts biting the host vigorously which in turn would spread the plague to the host. Since the bacterium is still blocking the flea’s stomach, the flea would still be hungry and therefore it would continue to bite other humans until it starves to death.

Authenticity of The Great Santini :: essays research papers

Comparison Between Movie and History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After watching the movie from Hollywood and reading the actual thoughts of Pat Conroy of whom the story is based on, there is significant evidence supporting the basis that â€Å"The Great Santini† was made on and Hollywood very accurately filmed â€Å"The Great Santini†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It isn’t to say that all military veterans were abusive and hard on their families. However, men in the military return from the service and seem to take a great sense of pride in their families and America. To this day some people are the same way as Bull Meechum. There are many similarities between Bull Meechum and Donald Conroy. For instance, they both lived life in the fast lane and to its full extent. In the movie, Bull Meechum mentions how fast and free it feels to fly. Donald Conroy also felt the same way as he flew over the American troops and proceeded to bomb the Koreans. They were both alike in the aspect that they lived for an adrenaline rush. Meechum and Conroy both loved life and lived it to its greatest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two men also were excellent soldiers. Donald Conroy was said to at one time, been the most decorated man in the military. Bull Meechum moved his family to South Carolina in order to take a position in training other pilots. Although neither were great family men, both soldiers had been trained in the art of killing other people as quickly and as many as they could.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another similarity that Donald Conroy had with Bull Meechum was the way he pushed his family to be better and tougher. In his eulogy, it states that if Donald Conroy would have seen the tears that his family cried at his death, he would have yelled at them and been embarrassed of the fact that his boys were behaving like girls. They both wanted the best for their family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the movie is based on a true story, there aren’t very many parts that happen in the movie that never happened. The movie is extremely accurate in its portrayal of the military emotionally hardened father.

Sybil

Video Case Report PSY 281 – Abnormal Psychology Guilford Technical Community College For Dr. Stephen Ash Student Name(s): Kallie Roberts, Porsha, and Jarvis Date: 15, April 2013 1. Name of Video: Sybil 2. Assigned Case Character: a. Character Name: Sybil Dorsett b. Played by Actor/Actress: Sally Field 3. DSM-IV-TR Diagnoses: Axis I: Dissociative Identity Disorder (300. 14) Axis II: N/A Axis III:Axis IV (External Stressors): Screeching sounds, like the one from the swing that triggered her flashback, and also any woman with the same hairstyle as her mother like the woman pushing the swing that caused her to flashback and lose her substitute teaching position, Sounds of piano music, the sight of any hook like objects, feeling backed into a corner like when her father told her she didn’t have a problem when she knew something wasn’t right. Any combative behavior toward her causes her to convert into Peggy, her younger extremely fearful self. Also if someone touched her hands she would feel extremely threatened.And the color purple would cause alternate personalities to surface. Axis V – Current/Worst GAF: _24_ Highest GAF in previous year: _75_ 4. Diagnostic Documentation for Axis I or II Diagnosis: Dissociative Identity Disorder (300. 14) I. Primary Diagnostic Criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder A. The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self) : Sybil including her regular personality had about thirteen more.Vanessa, Holds Sybil's musical abilities, plays the piano and helps Sybil pursue a romantic relationship with Richard. She's a young girl, possibly 12 years old. Vicky is a 13 year old who speaks French, a very strong, sophisticated and mature personality who knows about and has insight into all the other personalities, though Sybil does not. Peggy is a 9 year old who talks like a little child. She holds Sybil's artistic abilities, and appears while crying hysterically because Sybil's fears. She is confused; like, she doesn’t know that she’s in New York and instead, thinks she is in the small town that Sybil grew up.Peggy feels the greatest trauma from her mom's abuse, often feeling sad/depressed and unable to find happiness. Her biggest fears include the green kitchen, purple, Christmas, and explosions. Marcia, dresses in funeral attire and constantly has suicidal thoughts and attempts suicide. It’s presumed she tried to kill Sybil in the Harlem hotel but was stopped by Vicky. She thinks the end of the world is coming, but what she really fears in the end is Sybil. Mary, is Sybil's memory of her grandmother; she speaks, walks and acts like a grandmother, and is anxious to meet Sybil's grandmother.Nancy, kept waiting for the end of the world and was afraid of Armageddon. She's a memory of Sybil's dad's religious fanaticism. Ruthie is one of Sybil's less developed selves, a baby in fact. When Sybil thinks she hears her mom's voice, she is so terrified that she regresses into Ruthie, an alter that parallels Sybil as a helpless, regressive, pre-verbal baby. Clara, Ellen, Margie, Sybil Ann is around 5–6 years old and is supposedly very shy. Sybil also had male identities such as Mike who built the shelf in the top of Sybil's closet to hide Vickie's paintings, which she does at night.He and Sid want to know if they can still give a baby to a girl like daddy did even though they are in Sybil's (a female's) body. He's around 9–10 years old. Sid who wants to be just like his father, loves football. He's around 7–8 years old B. At least two of these identities or personality states recurrently take control of the person’s behavior: Vanessa, Holds Sybil's musical abilities, plays the piano and helps Sybil pursue a romantic relationship with Richard. Vicky has insight into all the other personalitie s, though Sybil does not, once Sybil lost control Vicky would step in and sometimes even attend therapy sessions with Dr.Wilbur. Peggy, who talks like a little child, holds Sybil's artistic abilities, and appears because Sybil's fears. She is confused and doesn’t even know that she’s in New York. Marcia constantly has suicidal thoughts and attempts. It’s presumed she tried to kill Sybil in the Harlem hotel but was stopped by Vicky. C. Inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. Sybil told Dr. Wilbur that when she was a little girl she woke up one day and was two years older. When she was admitted to the hospital for cutting her hand she didn’t know she gave Dr.Wilbur to do neurological tests on her. She didn’t even know when she got to the hospital or even how long she had been there, and when she felt smelt the fragrances Dr. Wilbur gave her she regressed into another personal ity, and woke up with another time lapse. D. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e. g. , blackouts or chaotic behavior during Alcohol Intoxication) or a general medical condition (e. g. , complex partial seizures). Note: In children, the symptoms are not attributable to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play.Back to Overall Video Case Report Format: 5. Etiology: According to Nevid et al. Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World, 8th ed. (2011, hereafter:   text), Dissociative Personality Disorder (DID) formerly known as multiple personality, is a type of dissociative disorder that’s characterized by â€Å"changes or disturbances in the functions of self, identity, memory, or consciousness, that make the personality whole†(p209), or â€Å"A dissociative disorder in which a person has two or more distinct, or alter, personalities†(p555). It is the emergence of two or more personalities.In dissociative disorders, the m assive use of repression â€Å"resulting in the ‘splitting off’ from consciousness of unacceptable impulses and painful memories†(p. 221). Those with DID express the impulses through the development of alternate personalities. In some with dissociative identity disorder their main or â€Å"host† personality does not know about the alternates, but the alternates do know about the main personality. Also the alternates sometimes won’t know what other alternate personality-part has done, or even that they exist.There can be at least two controllers of the of the person, and even the different personalities can have different ages and sexual preferences. The rate of DID is higher in women than men and females also tend to have more â€Å"splits† than males, averaging about 15 or more, than do men, who average about 8 alter personalities†(p213). The psychodynamic approach to the causes of DID, according to Nevid et al. , â€Å"Dissociative d isorders include ‘massive repression’, resulting in the ‘splitting off’ from consciousness of unacceptable impulses and painful memories†(p221).They may portray these painful memories and impulses through the development of alternate personalities. From the social-cognitive theory standpoint, the habit of mentally separating yourself from painful memories and unacceptable impulses, by â€Å"splitting off†, is reinforced negatively by â€Å"relief from anxiety or removal of feelings of guilt or shame. The late social- cognitive theorist Nicholas Spanos, â€Å"believe that dissociative identity disorder is a form of role-playing acquired through observational learning and reinforcement†(p222).They are so engulfed in the so called role-playing that they forget they’re enacting a role. From a biological perspective, research is still in its early stages to determine whether brain function has anything to do with Dissociative identity disorder. But recent studies have shown â€Å"structural differences in brain areas involved in memory and emotion between patients with dissociative identity disorder and healthy controls†(p222). But the relevance of the differences haven’t been determined as of yet.Despite the massive amounts of evidence involving traumatic severe sexual and physical abuse during childhood in DID cases, those who experience severe trauma rarely develop dissociative identity disorder. In relation to the diathesis-stress model, â€Å"certain personality traits, such as proneness to fantasize, high ability to be hypnotized, and openness to altered states of consciousness, may predispose individuals to develop dissociative experiences in the face of traumatic abuse†(p222).Not particularly that those with these types of personality traits will absolutely develop dissociative experiences, but can help trigger a dissociative phenomena when paired with a traumatic event, just as a de fense mechanism. â€Å"The most widely held view of dissociative identity disorder is that it represents a means of coping with and surviving severe, repetitive childhood abuse, generally beginning before the age of 5†(Burton ; Lane, 2001; Foote, 2005). They will split into an alter personalities as a mental defense to unbearable abuse.When abuse of such severity and persistence continues, the alters become stabilized and hard for the child to maintain a unified personality. â€Å"The great majority of people with Dissociative identity disorder report being physically or sexually abused as children†( lewis et al. , 1997; Scroppo et al. , 1998). In some tests 75-90% of all subjects tested were abused sexually or physically. Also according to figure 7. 1 on p224 in the Abnormal Psychology in A Changing World, social reinforcement can also lead to stabilization or even the creation of new personalities. Enactment of alter personalities is strengthened by positive reinforc ement in the form of attention from therapists†(p224). According to R. P. Kluft, Temple University, â€Å"in the 1990s there were highly polarized debates about whether multiple personality was iatrogenic, instigated and sustained by clinicians' interest in motivating patients to demonstrate the condition's phenomena, and whether the abuses alleged by patients, often recalled after years of apparent amnesia, were false, suggested by leading questions or subtle expressions of interest.It still is unclear whether multiple personality can be created by iatrogenic factors alone†(Kluft). 6. Treatment: The most common form of therapy in treating those with Dissociative identity disorder are psychodynamic paired with eclectic therapies, with psychodynamic being the base of therapy to get to the true root of the problems, with efforts to unify the several different personalities into one cohesive unified personality. â€Å"However, integration of personalities is not always po ssible.In these situations, the goal is to achieve a harmonious interaction among the personalities that allows more normal functioning†(Gluck). Drug therapy can be used to subdue the coexisting issues like depression or anxiety, but doesn’t affect the DID. Psychotherapy is the primary treatment for dissociative disorders. This form of therapy, also known as talk therapy, counseling or psychosocial therapy, which involves talking about your disorder and related issues with a psychodynamic therapists.Psychotherapy for dissociative disorders often involves techniques, such as hypnosis, that help you remember and work through the trauma that triggered your dissociative symptoms. The course of the psychotherapy may be long and painful, but this treatment approach is very effective in treating dissociative disorders. According to the Mayo Clinic another form of therapy is creative art therapy. This type of therapy uses the creative process to help people who might have diffi culty expressing their thoughts and feelings. Creative arts can increase elf-awareness, help cope with symptoms and traumatic experiences, and also produce positive changes. Creative art therapy includes art, dance and movement, drama, music and poetry. Cognitive therapy is a type of talk therapy that helps you identify unhealthy, negative behaviors and beliefs then replaces them with healthy, positive ones. It's based on the idea that your own thoughts, not other people or situations, determine how you behave. Even if an unwanted situation has not changed, they can change the way they think and behave in a positive more unified way.There aren’t medications that specifically treat dissociative disorders; a psychiatrist can prescribe SSRI’s, anti-anxiety medications or tranquilizers to help control the mental health symptoms associated with dissociative disorders. â€Å"A case study is presented illustrating how traditional long-term therapy can be defined in renewable short-term stages. At various therapeutic intervals therapy may be discontinued or deferred based on the client's definition of personal wellness. Such a conceptualization can facilitate client health while demonstrating accountability for the use of ongoing psychotherapy services† (Applegate).The most common approach to thinking/feeling about the process of recovery from trauma or abuse is to conceptualize it as working through a series of stages. Herman summaries several such models in a table. In the three-stage model of modern trauma therapy outlined by Herman, a phase of safety, in which the patient receives sanctuary and support and is strengthened, is followed by a phase of remembrance and mourning, in which the mind's representation of its traumatic experiences is explored, processed, and mastered and in which the losses and consequences associated with traumatization are grieved.The mind is reintegrated, and roles and functions are resumed in a phase of reconnection. In the nine-stage treatment of multiple personality (Kluft, 1999a and Kluft, 1999b) with multiple personality (1) the psychotherapy is established and (2) preliminary interventions are made to establish safety, develop a therapeutic alliance that includes the alters, and enhance the patient's coping capacities. Then follows (3) history gathering and mapping to learn more about the alters, their concerns, and how the system of alters functions.Then is it possible to begin (4) the metabolism of trauma within and across the alters. As the alters share more, work through more, communicate more effectively with one another, and achieve more mutual awareness, identification, and empathy, their conflicts are reduced, as is contemporary amnesia. They increasingly cooperate and experience some reduction of their differences and senses of separateness. This is called (5) moving toward integration/resolution. More solidified stances toward one's self and the world are reached in (6) integrati on/resolution.Smooth and functional collaboration among the alters, usually including the blending of several personalities, is called a resolution. Blending all alters into a subjective sense of smooth unity is an integration. Then the patient focuses on (7) learning new coping skills, working out alternatives to dissociative functioning, and resolving other previously unaddressed concerns. Issues continue to be processed, and mastery without resort to dysfunctional dissociation is pursued in (8) solidification of gains and working through.Finally, treatment tapers, and the patient is seen at increasingly infrequent intervals in a stage of (9) follow-up. Treatment may be challenging to patient and therapist alike. Work with traumatic material can be upsetting and destabilizing. Worse than that is the pain of tying into what patients learn to their own perceptions of their relationships, with significant others who may appear to have been guilty of mistreatment that wasn’t re membered before.. Patients should be informed about the possibility that material that emerges and may be useful for treatment may not prove to be accurate. Processing traumatic memories has been controversial because the accuracy of initially unavailable memories has been challenged†(Kluft), and the affects experienced with this process can cause upset and trigger self-destructive actions. Sometimes decompensating occurs or an inability to maintain defense mechanisms in response to stress, resulting in personality disturbance or a psychological imbalance. Some multiple personalities can’t handle this kind of work. But so far â€Å"reported successful recoveries to the point of integration have involved processing traumatic memories†(Kluft).Studies also have demonstrated that many recovered memories of DID patients have been confirmed, and some have not even been proven accurate. Opinion imply that deliberate processing of traumatic memories should not be perform ed unless patients have demonstrated the proper strength and stability for the work. All others should be treated supportively, addressing traumatic memories only when they are intrusive, are disruptive, and can’t be put aside. Patients sometimes have periods of anting say everything said in therapy was a joke as Sybil did when confronted more about the green room, trying to banish painful memories of trauma, betrayal, and loss associated with important people in their lives to maintain relationships and a sense of safety within those valued relationships. â€Å"Tact, containment, and circumspection are required from therapist and patient alike†(Kluft). The patient should be protected from becoming overwhelmed by and lost in the traumatic situation, and treatment should be paced to protect the patient's safety and stability. There should be no forcing or rushing. The alter system is designed to facilitate escape from pain and difficulty or, failing that, to reframe or disguise it. Alters often reenact scenarios that (in their perceptions) are tried and true methods of keeping pain at bay, even if they disrupt the patient's treatment, life, and relationships†(Kluft). Sybil displayed this when she was confronted by her father and another time when she was in therapy. In therapy, working directly with alters often may make them more prominent, but the more they’re worked, empathized, and helped to communicate with other alters, their separateness is worn down, making the personality more cohesive.The therapist should treat all of the personalities with respect, and also appreciate the immediacy, and defensive aspects of their separateness, and that they all express parts of a single personality, whose personality structure is to have multiple personalities. â€Å"Interventions to contain alters' dysfunctional behaviors, aggressiveness toward other personalities, self-destructiveness, and irresponsible autonomy (e. g. , failing to care for children, who may be seen as belonging to another personality) may prove necessary†(Kluft).The therapist may call on personalities to work on their particular issues in the treatment and to facilitate their cooperation with the treatment and one another. Treatment must respect the entirety of the patient's concerns. Certain DID’s treatment may be put off repeatedly to address other rising concerns and other mental health issues. For example, a woman with dissociative identity disorder whose child develops cancer is not in a position to pursue trauma work. 7. Personal Application: N/A 8. References: * Nevid, J. S. , Rathus, S. A. & Greene, B. (2011). Abnormal psychology in a changing world. (8th ed ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. * Gluck, Samantha; Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder, 2008; Hhttp://www. healthyplace. com/abuse/dissociative-identity-disorder/treatment-of-dissociative-identity-disorder-did/ealthy Place, Americas Mental health Channel, web, 01/2013; 13, April 2013. * Treatment and Drugs, The Mayo Clinic; http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/dissociative-disorders/DS00574/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs; 3, March 2011;web, 13 April 2013 * Judith L.Herman, Trauma and Recovery, BasicBooks, 1991, p 156 * Applegate, Maureen; Multiphasic Short-term Therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder; Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association February 1997 vol. 3 no. 1 1-9 * Kluft, R. P. , Encyclopedia of Stress(2nd Edition),2007,p783-790; * Kluft, R. P. ,Current issues in dissociative identity disorder;Journal of Practical Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 5 (1999), pp. 3–19 Sybil’s â€Å"Friends† * Peggy- an aggressive nine-year old * Vicky- a sophisticated young lady * Mary- grandmother * Mike- * Sid- * Martha-